Introducing Close-Range Photogrammetry for Characterizing Forest Understory Plant Diversity and Surface Fuel Structure at Fine Scales
نویسندگان
چکیده
Methods characterizing fine-scale fuels and plant diversity can advance understanding of plant-fire interactions across scales and help in efforts to monitor important ecosystems such as longleaf pine (Pinus palustrisMill.) forests of the southeastern United States. Here, we evaluate the utility of close-range photogrammetry for measuring fuels and plant diversity at fine scales (submeter) in a longleaf pine forest. We gathered point-intercept data of understory plants and fuels on nine 3-m2 plots at a 10-cm resolution. For these same plots, we used close-range photogrammetry to derive 3-dimensional (3D) point clouds representing understory plant height and color. Point clouds were summarized into distributional height and density metrics. We grouped 100 cm2 cells into fuel types, using cluster analysis. Comparison of photogrammetry heights with point-intercept measurements showed that photogrammetry points were weakly to moderately correlated to plant and fuel heights (r = 0.19–0.53). Mann– Whitney pairwise tests evaluating separability of fuel types, species, and plant types in terms of photogrammetry metrics were significant 44%, 41%, and 54% of the time, respectively. Overall accuracies using photogrammetry metrics to classify fuel types, species, and plant types were 44%, 39%, and 44%, respectively. This research introduces a new methodology for characterizing fine-scale 3D surface vegetation and fuels. Résumé.. Les méthodes caractérisant les combustibles et la diversité végétale à fine échelle peuvent faire progresser la compréhension des interactions plantes-feux à plusieurs échelles et contribuer aux efforts pour surveiller les écosystèmes importants tels que les forêts de pin des marais (Pinus palustris Mill.) du sud-est des États-Unis. Ici, nous évaluons l’utilité de la photogrammétrie à courte distance pour mesurer les combustibles et la diversité des plantes à des échelles fines (de moins d’un mètre) dans une forêt de pins des marais. Nous avons recueilli des données de points d’interception des plantes de sous-bois et des combustibles sur 9 parcelles de 3 m2 à une résolution de 10 cm. Pour ces mêmes parcelles, nous avons utilisé la photogrammétrie à courte distance pour dériver des nuages de points en 3 dimensions (3D) qui représentent la hauteur et la couleur des plantes de sous-bois. Les nuages de points ont été synthétisés en mesures simples pour les distributions de la hauteur et de la densité. Nous avons regroupé les cellules de 100 cm2 en types de combustibles grâce à l’analyse par regroupement. La comparaison des hauteurs provenant de la photogrammétrie avec des mesures de points d’interception a montré que les points photogrammétriques étaient faiblement à modérément corrélés à la hauteur des plantes et des combustibles (r = 0,19 à 0,53). Les tests de Mann–Whitney par paire qui évaluent la séparabilité des types de combustibles, des espèces et des types de plantes en termes de mesures de photogrammétrie étaient significatifs 44%, 41%, et 54 % du temps, respectivement. Les précisions globales en utilisant les mesures de photogrammétrie pour classer les types de combustibles, les espèces et les types de plantes étaient de 44%, 39%, et 44%, respectivement. Ces recherches présentent une nouvelle méthodologie pour la caractérisation de la végétation et des combustibles de surface à l’échelle fine en 3D.
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